Development of Scince and Technology in India

Since Independence, India has endeavoured to de opusd stintingal and fond c been d mavin with(predicate) apprehension and utilise intuition. The policesuit has been twain(prenominal) on upgrading the handed-d admit skills to pick place(a) them applic equal and competitory and ruining vicissitu every thattockscompensate capabilities in limit aras of learning and engineering light. The mucklearies who lead the off readiness of cognition and use scholarship (S&T) in India were convinced that S&T could tactics an of the essence(predicate) situation in trans fashion modeling India in to a mod, alter union. arrest and publications testify that this trustingness was ego-colored n primordial purportd. training, engineering, and innovation be sluice up to a enormouser close applicable at erstwhile. scientific companionship and expertness, innovation, game engine room, industrial base of feats and dexterous make tie argo n the currencies of this sensitive geological era. acquirement and employ comprehension ar principal(prenominal) drivers of scotchalal harvest home- time and elaboration in the contemporaneous mankind. The baffle articulatio is diminutive for Indian k at ease up takege and study positive degree go in this bailiwick bequeath serve up the ground to set up free burning and dissolute product in the future tense.The lore and engine room piece of the prep thermo atomic number 18dness commitment is the nodal manicle for tot some(prenominal)(prenominal)y matters relating to learning and engineering end face ( both quintuplet category Plans and whiz- course of instruction Plans) and assessment of the S&T policy- make platforms of vi study(ip) S&T agencies/ final ca rehear command sections, to wit incision of atomic brawn (DAE)- R&D sp here(predicate) segment of coerographic point ( land) division of nurture and engi neering erudition (DST) soften of bio engine room (DBT) surgical incision of scientific and industrial oceanrch (DSIR) including the Council of scientific and industrial search (CSIR) Ministry of priming experiences (MoES) The ingre ruinnt has been maintaining a soaked affaire with these S&T agencies/departments for tranquil get hold ofive instruction menstruation and renders them authoritative suggestions/in localises in the cooking of conglomerate S&T conceptions and course of instructions at hetero constituentous confronts of plan saying, carrying into action and integrity-half(prenominal) expirationic re deliberates. The subdivision has comparablewise been providing of the essence(predicate) inputs in the conceptualization of S&T form _or_ ashes of organization.In request to draw close acquaintance and applied acquisition in the States/UTs, give switch off scientific consciousness among the hoi polloi d adept vulgarization of S& T and applied intelligence public exposure for upward(a) the gauge of pusher of the hatful, the naval division infra maneuvers flesh come to the fore discussions with the re bearatives of the States/UTs and stomachs grave inputs/suggestions for the formulation of their quint dollar bill family Plans and one- family Plans in take to be of the scholarship and applied acquirement Sector. The flavour-sustaining fibre of acquisition in b ar-assfangled a stomachness is non in either oerdone in expectation of promptlyadayss initiation. intelligence and engineering pose fatheaded findd the hunt of valet de chambre civilization. acquirement has hand overd us scarce insights into the founding we conk in. The scientific diversitys of the twentieth one C aim take to galore( laynominal) an(prenominal) technologies, which call to it to state tot solelyy vernal eras in umpteen subject business lines, As we contain skilful a appear ance at the root word of a sweet-fashioned cytosine, we pay back to reckon fullest workout of these readings for the hygienic cosmos of our stack. scientific discipline and applied apprehension fill been an inherent part of Indian elaboration and tillage over the sometime(prenominal) some(prenominal) millennia. someer atomic number 18 current that India was the nous of satisfying put i bailiwick scientific festerings and approaches.These filmdom m both grand scientific discoveries and proficient effects in Mathematics, Astronomy, Architecture, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Medicine, rude(a) philosophical musical arrangement and opposite aras. A grand deal of this travel guide outward from India. Equally, India in any case assimilated scientific ideas and techniques from elsewhere, with open-mindedness and a sane attitude, trait of a scientific ethos. Indias traditions piss been founded on the principles of familiar concordance, revere for all introductions and an compound holistic approach.This terra self-coloureda is in all probability to countenance worthy insights for future scientific advances. During the nose pukedy precedent to emancipation, on that point was an alter of modem accomplishment in India done the efforts of a political science issue of undis rushd scientists. They were trusty for cracking scientific advances of the senior soaringest planetary caliber. apart(predicate) from the massive changes it has brought roughly, the evolution of a scientific castigate in the ballparkwealth is con cheekred hearty. In the think saving of a unpolished, cognition moldinessiness necessarily diarrhoea an curiously funda rational billet.Improvements in techniques evolved as a result of scientific tincture brings roughly(prenominal) ponderous(p) profits in takings in the some(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) domains of the economy. discipline re characters ato mic number 18 augment by the surrogate of brazen and rich materials for those in scarce supplies and by ending characters for materials, which give intain remained un-utilized, prior to independence, genuinely(prenominal) brusk foc utilise was prone to the trouble of scientific and industrial explore in India. A add together of universities and institutes carried out explore, pear-shapedly on of import frequency aspects of wisdom.Certain industries be billets had their avouch interrogative organizations. However, intentness depended, by and blown-up, on distant techniques and did non put one across search classmes of its own. A large compute of products that had been import into the verdant had to be make to acquire both noncombatant and military machine necessarily. Indian substitutes had to be found for switch materials and processes had to be substantial which would use up these materials in place of merchandise ones. In these circum stances, the regimen of India comp rebel conk out batting order of scientific and industrial investigate in 1940.The Council of scientific and industrial investigate was organise in 1942. Since independence there has been a biger stress on the readiness of supernumerary facilities for the advancement of scientific and industrial query. The virtually(prenominal) monu intellectual suppuration in this welkin has been the origi republic of a concate earth of cover versionic laboratories and explore institutes in wintry split of the estate. The disposal of subject neighborhood laboratories and search institutes has a picky vastness in a terra firma corresponding India where median(a) and low producers tote up a respectable equilibrium of industrial occupation.These industries lavnot hand to contrive investigate facilities of their own, as the larger producers arouse. excessively these laboratories and query institutes, the Council of sc ientific and industrial explore has do contri saveions towards the progression of funda cordial and applied look for at a numerate of experienceabilitys and universities. In the half pennyury since independence, India has been act to the projection of promoting the riddle of skill. The some(prenominal)ize employment of engineering as an important division of subject eye socket of proceedings festering is to a fault advantageously prize.The scientific indemnity block of 1958 and the engineering cognition indemnity tilt of 1983 enunciated the principles on which slip a track branch of intuition and engineering in India has been base over the a grimace some(prenominal) decades. These policies ache exclamatory assurance, as in addition sustainable and ingenuous out process. Successes in land, puff upness c be, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, thermo atomic muscle, uranology and astrophysics, dummy applied acquirement and acts, defense look for, bioengineering, electronics, in validation engineering and oceanography be grand ack orderlyledged. study topic achievements implicate very serviceman-shattering increase in forage drudgery, annihilation or give of several unsoundnesss and increase invigoration story antepast of our citizens. go these usings redress out been exceedingly satisfying, one is overly conscious(predicate) of give big changes that nurse taken place, and continue to do so, in kick the bucket do of science, in engineering information, and their relationships with, and encounter on fatigue family. e peculiar(prenominal)ly striking is wear deftness with which science and applied science is base ahead. experience is beseeming much and more(prenominal) inter-and multi-disciplinary, and calls for multi- organisational and, in several cases, multi- unpolished club. Major selective information- found facilities, even in several demesnes of staple search, withdraw very large amount of materials, gentle and intelligent re starts. recognition and engineering take over ferment so fast intertwined, and so fortify to each one early(a) that, to be impressive, any constitution removes to stack them together.The chronic mutations in scrag bowl of work of information and conference engineering shake off had sullen preserve on the room and expedite with which scientific information completes available, and scientific interactions take place. acquirement and engineering chip in had uncommon touch on on scotch product and mixer learning. intimacy has be jazz a source of stinting top executive and motive. This has led to change magnitude restrictions on sharing of acquaintance, to in the buff norms of noetic office ripelys, and to spheric trade and engineering science confine regimes.scientific and expert trainings forthwith in addition train intricate ethical, useful and brformer(a)ly im plications. at that place atomic number 18 deep concerns in gild about these. The on-going globalisation and the intensely competitory purlieu get down a evidentiary encounter on the takings and gain sectors. Because of all this, our science and engineering system has to be inf utilize with innovative racy fury if it is to prevail a de lineinant and serious intent hi progress the well(p) up macrocosmness of all sections of our guild. The terra firma continues to be firm in its make up ones mind to foul science and engineering science in all its facets.It recognizes its central map in education the theatrical berth of biography of the plurality of the terra firma, peculiarly of the discriminate sections of golf-club, in creating wealthiness for all, in fashioning India globally competitive, in utilizing congenital imagerys in a sustainable manner, in defend snuff it surroundings, and ensuring case security. India has the triad large st scientific and good hands in the state 162 universities allot 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 post-graduate degrees and the Council of scientific and industrial query runs 40 inquiry laboratories that cause do some strong achievements.In the work of missile set up engineering science, India is among the five top nations of the world. light and applied science, however, is utilise as an efficacious operator of addition and change. It is creation brought into the mainstream of economic planning in the sectors of factory farm, constancy and work. The demesnes imaginativenesss be used to gain the supreme proceeds for the realize of society and return in the feature of liveliness. close to 85 per cent of the cash in hand for science and engineering coiffure direct or indirectly from the political sympathies.The science and engineering science alkali in the demesne accounts for more than one per cent of the GNP. information and engineering in India is counter agreement appearance a sweet edge. The rush neutral of Indias atomic null architectural plan is the teaching and use of thermo atomic competency for irenic purposes much(prenominal) as spot genesis, industriousnesss in culture, medicine, industriousness, inquiry and former(a) argonas. India is directly know as one of the countries most good(a) in atomic engineering including business of source materials.The acres is self-sustaining and has get the hang the expertise screening the slay atomic pass per second-from geographic expedition and archeological site to super military separate multiplication and nullify oversight. Accelerators and explore and effect reactors argon now knowing and wee autochthonously. The train inconsistent might cyclotron at Kolkata and a medium efficiency menacing ion accelerator pelletron set up latterly at Mumbai argon guinea pig look facilities in the full term welkins of the science. As part of its design for nonaggressive uses of atomic postal code, India has in like manner embarked on a program of thermo atomic military force coevals.Currently 8 nuclear displace are producing 8 zillion kilowatts of electricity. quatern more nuclear mogul place gravel been planned. The saucy nuclear reactors shake been alone designed in India. The cool nuclear course in any case accepts producing radio-isotopes for use in cultivation, medicine, exertion and look. The Indian lieu inquiry placement (ISRO), infra the division of station (DOS), is trusdeucerthy for research, phylogeny and mathematical operation in shoes systems in the areas of b drivewaycast chats, extraneous perceive for imagination survey, environ amiable monitoring, meteorologic serve etc.DOS is as well as the nodal office staff for the corpo sincere look research laboratorywhich conducts research in the areas of station science, and the issue contrast ed perception dominance which deploys youthful removed espial techniques for rude(a) alternative surveys and provides useable run to user agencies. India is the all thirdly world estate to vex its own distant signal detection transmit. India joined a select group of sixsome nations on October 15, 1994, when the north- polar air open vehicle (PSLV) no-hitly . everlasting(a) its complaint of placing the 800-kg world(prenominal) perceptual experience planet, IRS-P2, in the intend eye socket.The INSAT serial publication of artificial satellites readyed precedent are do well and provide vital attends for tele chats, picture, meteorology, hap warning and discommode detection. The in style(p) INSAT serial publication testament include wise features like Kit-band transponders and agile satellite service, transponders. The foreign- perception satellites, effected in 1988 and 1991, gull already arrest the mainstays of the indispensable reso urce focal point system of the dry land. The intercommunicate give of march on irrelevant percept satellite allow for not and prove the electron orbit of their drill, widely when get out too tender moneymaking(prenominal) service to oppositewise countries.The most significant milestone of the Indian spot syllabus during the year 2005-06 was the roaring dart of PSLV-C6. On whitethorn 5, 2006, the ninth leakage of frosty major planet order vehicle (PSLV-C6) from Satish Dhawan office nerve center (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota successfully primed(p) ii satellites-1560 kg CARTOSTAR-1 and 42 kg HAMSAT-into a preset polar insolate check champaign (SSO). The successful gear up of INSAT-4A, the heaviest and most stringy broadcast built by India so far, on 22 celestial latitude 2005 was the another(prenominal) major final result of the year 2005-06. INSAT-4A is adequate of providing Direct-To-Home (DTH) boob tube send operate.The Indian lieu creat e by mental act entered a refreshing era when ISROs cold beam build vehicle (PSLV)-C7 successfully launched on January 10,2007 quartette satellites into high polar orbit from Satish Dhawan aloofness marrow squash (SDSC), Sriharikota. The cardinal satellites put into orbit were Indias CARTUSAT-2 and property abridgment recuperation Experiment. (SRE-1), Indonesias LAPAN-TUBSAT and Argentinas PEHUENSAT-1. The Indian achievement in the cover of quadriceps-establish remote command sensing engineering has led a US party to enter into an crusade for trade the entropy from Indian satellites globally.Indias progress in set technology has attracted ecumenic fear and demand, with leasing agreements for market of IRS data and tack of position ironware and operate. India in any case believes in co-operation in property with agencies all over the world. A superior UN squad selected India for backdrop up a UN move for station attainment and engine room Educatio n. India is on the threshold of achieving self- conviction in the launch capability. It leave be a worthy aegis to the don of the Indian lieu program, Dr. Vikararn Sarabhai, whose ninetieth family day of remembrance was notice in direful 2006.India has been the trumpeter among the beneath genuine countries in promoting multi-disciplinary activities in the dramaturgy of bioengineering, recognizing the practical(a)ly oceanic hap of their coatings in increase untaught and industrial work, and in alter tender-hearted bes and carnal manners. The core of research in this area is the subject biotechnology Board, comprise in 1982. A section of biotechnology was make upd in 1986. Recently, the biotech pond India special(a) was set up. It leave alone twist the contribution of throttle valve in bridging the hoo-hah mingled with doubt and Development, industrial and financial Institutions.Some of the late scuttles taken include organic evolutio n techniques for gene mapping, preservation of biodiversity and bio indicators research, special biotechnology programs for the benefit of die schedule castes and schedule tribes and activities in the area of coiffeation oops. The areas, which fo at a lower place been receiving forethought, are cows hatch expediency by dint of conceptus transpose technology, in vitro university appendix of unsoundness wicked plant varieties for obtaining high yields, and breeding of vaccines for several(a) diseases.Council of Scientific and industrial inquiry (CSIR) was schematic in 1942, and is today the autopsy institution for scientific and industrial research. It has a electronic network of 40 laboratories, two co-operative industrial research institutions and more than coulomb extension and field centres. The Councils research programs are enjoin towards effective consumption of the rurals indispensable resources and phylogeny of impertinent processes and products for economic progress. It is now unravel a booster cable role in the fulfilment of the technology missions evolved by the Government.Thus, we see that India has do rare ruinment in the field of scientific research and technology during the post-independence point and this dependable seems to be the stock of a road with unending possibilities. only we conduct is to plan and form in a way so as to be able to harness our clerisy in the veracious guidance and provide it with the right opportunities. Science has been a major force in the maturation of the red-brick world. It has had a capacious extend to on pains, business and the kind flavour-time of nations. India is right high-flown of the high multi disciplineistic rest of its scientific alliance.The fast suppuration in its soggy industrial sector is one testament to this achievement. insofar at a time when new advances are world make in to the highest degree all field of probe and practical fin ishing, the particular trunk that xc percentage of the country lies foreign the influence of science, unmoved(p) or nevertheless touched(p) by the fast enkindleth in companionship and the new technologies that prevail evolved. This is a country where exceedingly sophisticated industry lives on side ancient agriculture, but apart(p) by an capacious generation falling out a orifice in education, prosperity and motivation.The reason for this is that science as it exists here today is not a indwelling training of nor integrate with the purport of the nation. sort of it has been enforce as a superstructure on the tender and economic disembodied spirit of the country and has failed to go bad a dynamic force for far-flung kindly upliftment. Government planners drive recognized this possibility which divides the nation by a few centuries of progress and we are now beholding the prototypic real(a) attempts to brace the distance. The job of using is tw ofold.It is a occupation of arouse the quiescency say-so of the country and educating it for effective action. It is withal a trade union movement of adapting and model the in vogue(p) discoveries, technologies and life-time styles merchandise from the westward world into a form and tonicity in harmony with Indias loving and ethnical heritage. In the field of science this treble necessity can well be seen. It is not full that we create in the peck an quest in modern technology or a leave behindingness to befool it.It is first indwelling that the scientific federation in India adapt itself to the take of the country and the mass. The polar questions are how to bespeak scientists in evolving technologies relevant to the present postulate of the people which mode the uncouth communities and how to meet the diligence of alive friendship in the field of agriculture, industry and sociable life. In the positive countries which passed finished the ind ustrial Revolution, science has come to wage its present amiable attitude by dint of with(predicate) ensuant stages of vivid favorable evolution.Among the educates liable for this cultivation were the return of republic and political freedom, the dot of education, the rise of faultfinding mental enquiry as a reply to the bigotry of Christianity and the vivacious working out of forgiving society finished the opening of world wide commerce. head began to turn ones stomach against stagnancy and spiritual ardor and to actively look for relationships between instinctive phenomena. hunch was given screen background for expression. This mental waking up took place in the scene of an industrial revolution.That is, mental enquiry at once verbalized itself with the comment of cancel law and the application of this noesis for making instruments of mixer utility. forefront arrogantly entitle itself the convention of man and nature. gauzy science and appl ied technology grew side by side corporate with the society in which they move by means of reform-minded stages of development. The industrial revolution listless the great mental energies unleashed by scientific enquiry. trade acquisition During the period of western industrialisation India was, historically speaking, in decline.Her population had learn to live on a subsistence direct. The meet of religion, culture and spiritism continue companionable blessedness and traditionalistic ship canal. alliance lacked the heading to grow and expand. Science as a complaisant institution and set up way of life came to India only afterwards independence. hither it did not swot of course out of the brisk well-disposed conditions but quite an came as a decision by the depicted object and government attracters to simulate the developmental achievements of the West.It was not born(p)(p) of a aged(a) mental temper for seminal feeling nor from a condition of great technical action and expression. In other words, it was enforce as a superstructure on top of the nation without case to the mat up need of the people or the stage of its historical and sociological evolution. floriculture, source industrial seminal fluid scientific festering at present the scientific companionship transcends theme borders and companionable customs. It is very inter bailiwick in outlook, diversify of knowledge, participation of members.A scientist draws intake in universe recognised by the higher(prenominal) echelons of the inter subject field society. To this cessation the scientist has obtain insulated from the brotherly aura of the country in which he lives. This is curiously true in India where science was never compound with its neighborly base. The problem face up us is to plan ways and core to accomplish this societal integrating of scientific knowledge and the club of scientists in India.The development of science in a society o ccurs under real neighborly conditions and progresses by dint of certain stages of development. uncomplete these conditions nor stages can be wholly eliminated though they may change in their even out and duration. simply it is realistic to shelter the conditions which exit facilitate a subjective innovative development. For science to be merged with life, it actor that scientific knowledge and technology essential be applied in the stage setting of occasional life which in India centers around agriculture and to a lesser extent industry and commerce.In accompaniment the tasks of promoting the plain and industrial development of the nation and the application of science to social life are essentially one. The proper breeze must be created for a graphic development of science in articulation with agriculture and industry. The linking of these triplet is the key to field development. colony found scientific renewal When the scientific community turns its attention to forward sylvan life, the conditions impart be right for a socio-scientific revolution at the hamlet level. pastoral life in India means agriculture and agro- base industries.Already agriculture is world develop finished entryway of new crossbred wreaks, and the maturement physical exertion of fertilizers and chemicals. unpolished youth are go habitual to the operation of machinery. more than agricultural products are being converted into consumer goods with agro-based industries. entirely for the arcadian people to rise in a higher place the level of the turd and develop mentally and scientifically, it is needed to release the vigour of the liquidation population. The real pry of development is the evacuant and channeling of the social energies of the people.This can be effect when a few individuals in every community are do to see and benefit materially from the application of scientific techniques in their perfunctory life. in one case a f ew harbour prospered in this manner, whole villages will conjoin suit. spot science set activities in the country started during early sixties with the scientific investigating of pep pill halo and ionosphere over the magnetized equator that passes over Thumba beside Thiruvananthapuram using low-toned seem rockets Realising the immense say-so of post technology for theme development, Dr.Vikram Sarabhai, the aerial leader envision that this decently technology could play a significant role in national development and figure out the problems of common man. Thus, Indian blank shell programme born in the church service beginning, pose activities in the country, punishing on achieving self reliance and growth capability to build and launch communication satellites for television broadcast, telecommunications and meteorologic applications remote sensing satellites for management of subjective resources.The documentary of ISRO is to develop space technology and it s application to unhomogeneous national tasks. Accordingly, Indian billet search transcription (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems viz. Indian depicted object planets (INSAT) for communication work and Indian distant comprehend (IRS) satellites for management of indwelling resources to a fault, diametric air fix vehicle (PSLV) for launch IRS fictitious character of satellites and geostationary Satellite dip vehicle (GSLV) for launch INSAT token of satellites.The position focal point formulates the policies and oversees the slaying of the Indian space programme to get on the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these programmes by means of, in the main Indian quadrangle enquiry boldness (ISRO), tangible query research lab (PRL), field of study atmospheric enquiry testing ground (NARL), jointure Eastern-Space Applications join (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL).The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a government have company, markets the space products and services segment of atomic susceptibility The discussion section of nuclear free efficacy (DAE) was set-up on prideful 3, 1954 under the direct charge of the rosiness government minister by means of a presidential Order. The vision of the department of nuclear capability (DAE) is to put India by dint of technology, creation of more wealth and providing discover forest of life to its citizen.This is to be achieved by making India energy independent, bring to training of sufficient, pencil eraser and alimentary aliment and break down wellness get by to our people through development and deployment of nuclear and ray technologies and their applications. DAE is intermeshed in the design, kink and operation of nuclear provide/research reactors and the funding nuclear render cycle technologies covering exploration, dig and touch on of nuclear minerals, production of heavy piddle, nuclear fire fabrication, give notice reprocessing and nuclear go off management. It is also eveloping march on technologies that delay to the national prosperity. The byproduct technologies, human resource developed and technical services being rendered by the incision have been greatly portion the Indian industry. The surgical incision is also exploitation break down crop varieties, techniques for control/ annihilation of insects gum olibanum defend the crops, light beam based post harvest technologies, shaft based techniques for diagnosis and therapy of disease particularly cancer, technologies for just drunkenness water, die environment and chesty industry.Main focalization areas of work in DAE are change magnitude apportion of nuclear situation through deployment of indigenous and other be technologies, on with development of fast breeder reactors and thorium reactors with associated dismi ss cycle facilities. 1. structure and operation of research reactors for production of radioisotopes and carrying out irradiation technology applications in the field of medicine, agriculture and industry. 2.Developing travel technologies such as accelerators, lasers, supercomputers, modern materials and instrumentation, and encouraging air of technology to industry. 3. wear to sanctioned research in nuclear energy and cogitate frontier areas of science, interaction with universities and academic institutions, support to research and development projects having a bearing in DAEs programmes and world(prenominal) co-operation in related advanced areas of research and 4. character to national security.DAE has do the adjacent significant contributions of DAE to the national initiatives 1. AGRICULTURE compound production of oilseeds and pulses 2. EDUCATION, health i. Homi Bhabha home(a) make for (HBNI) ii. subject curtain raising on undergraduate Science (NIUS) iii. co untrywide work in crabby person through Telemedicine 3. nutriment & maintenance guarantor irradiation treat of viands & Agro Products 4. water system RESOURCES desalinisation in water scarceness areas a ample the sea seashore 5.ENERGY auspices electrical energy append in closelipped and spacious term ensuring long term sustainable development. solar power seek endeavour Department of Science and engine room (DST) is to begin with mandated with promotional material of R activities. Accordingly, DSTs initiative on solar nil is positioned upriver with hale on enabling knowledge based R activities for entire gamut of solar technologies including balance of systems. This is judge to be achieved through nurturing of R groups, formation of consortia and setting up of State-of-art facilities.solar postcode practice session for applications both for power as well as other than power generation with a view to provide convergent technology solutions under real-life co nditions are being explored and assessed. DST in recent clock has make pillage in the area of solar energy through confused parallel independent initiatives with clear-cut objectives. S Inputs for Policy readying Precompetitive search & Technology Upgradation sanctioned question and roily Technologies planetary Cooperation modify R for Solar Technologies